Pseudo-piezoelectric D33 device and electronic device using the same

ABSTRACT

A pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device includes a nano-gap, and a pair of integral and substantially parallel electrodes having a first sensing electrode and a second sensing electrode. The first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode constitute a receiver. The nano-gap is disposed between the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode. An initial height of the nano-gap is smaller than or equal to 100 nanometers. The nano-gap is formed after a thermal reaction between a semiconductor material and a metal material to form a semiconductor-metal compound. The first sensing electrode of the receiver includes the semiconductor-metal compound to provide an integral capacitive sensing electrode to sense a capacitance change with the second sensing electrode and generate a sensing signal.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/859,169, filed on Apr. 27, 2020, which claims priorities of Nos. 108115346; 108128509; and 109102411 respectively filed in Taiwan R.O.C. on May 3, 2019; Aug. 12, 2019; and Jan. 22, 2020 under 35 USC 119, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

This disclosure relates to a pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device and an electronic device using the same, and more particularly to a capacitive moving structure, which has enhanced transducing performance and is integratable to a display or is applicable to various electronic devices, and relates to an electronic device using the capacitive moving structure.

Description of the Related Art

A conventional vibration-type transceiver, sensor or transducer, such as force or sonic or ultrasonic transceiver, can be used for measurement of medical organ images, gesture detection, three-dimensional touch, fingerprint sensing, subcutaneous bioinformation (capillary information, blood flow information) measurement and the like through a medium, such as air or fluid or through direct or indirect contact with the object. The conventional technology is usually implemented by a piezoelectric material, such as polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), lead zirconate titanate (PZT) or the like. The operation mode thereof is to use the material's d33 mode. That is, the electric field direction applied to the material is parallel to the moving direction of the material.

FIGS. 1A and 1B show schematic views of a conventional d33 vibration-type transceiver. Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, a conventional d33 vibration-type transceiver 300 includes a piezoelectric block (piezoelectric material block) 310 having top and bottom ends applied with a voltage source 340 to generate an electric field to deform the piezoelectric material. When the electric field continuously changes, the piezoelectric block 310 vibrates in a moving direction 320. When the electric field direction 330 created by the piezoelectric block 310 is parallel to the moving direction 320, the operation is in the d33 mode. For example, in FIG. 1A, the voltage source 340 applies negative and positive voltages to first and second electrodes 311 and 312, respectively, to cause the upward electric field direction 330 and contraction of the piezoelectric block 310. In FIG. 1B, the voltage source 340 applies positive and negative voltages to the first and second electrodes 311 and 312, respectively, to cause the downward electric field direction 330 and elongation of the piezoelectric block 310. When the alternate electric fields are applied to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the retractable vibration of the piezoelectric block 310 can be generated.

Upon manufacturing, PVDF is engineering plastic, processes of exposure, development and the like cannot be easily performed by adopting semiconductor manufacturing process, such as lithography and the like, and the processing usually only can rely on laser processing, for example. Therefore, it is very problematic to integrate the PVDF with the semiconductor manufacturing process. PZT is contaminating and cannot be micro-machined easily, and the d33 operation mode cannot be implemented until the bulk or block material is used (e.g., the thin film PZT is operated in the d31 mode). Such PZT is usually produced by way of sintering at the high temperature ranging from 700 to 800° C., or even 1000° C. Therefore, the conventional d33 PZT elements are discrete elements, and integration with the semiconductor manufacturing process becomes very difficult or even impossible so that the piezoelectricity element cannot be integrated with the integrated circuit. Also, the lead contaminates the semiconductor device. Furthermore, PZT needs the platinum electrodes, so that the manufacturing cost is high.

Furthermore, upon operation of the conventional piezoelectric material, the applied voltage usually ranges from tens to hundreds of volts. Such high voltage encounters a problem upon system integration, and a big problem upon integration with the semiconductor manufacturing process.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An objective of this disclosure is to provide a pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device with good transducing performance and the advantages of easy integration with the semiconductor manufacturing process, easy processing and low cast but without contamination.

To achieve the above-identified objective, this disclosure provides a pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device including a nano-gap, and a pair of integral and substantially parallel electrodes having a first sensing electrode and a second sensing electrode. The first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode constitute a receiver. The nano-gap is disposed between the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode. An initial height t₀ of the nano-gap is smaller than or equal to 100 nanometers. The nano-gap is formed after a thermal reaction between a semiconductor material and a metal material to form a semiconductor-metal compound. The first sensing electrode of the receiver includes the semiconductor-metal compound to provide an integral capacitive sensing electrode to sense a capacitance change with the second sensing electrode and generate a sensing signal.

This disclosure also provides an electronic device including at least one processor and the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device. The processor is electrically connected to the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device and processes the sensing signal sent from the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device.

With the above-mentioned aspects of this disclosure, a capacitive moving structure having good sensing performance can be provided and can also function as a pseudo-piezoelectric d33 structure functioning as a vibration-type transceiver and having functions the same as the piezoelectric vibration element without utilization of the piezoelectric material. More particularly, integration with the semiconductor manufacturing process and the integrated circuit element becomes possible without temperature limitations and contamination problems. Meanwhile, only the standard voltage, such as 3.3 volts or 5 volts, is needed upon operation, thereby significantly increasing system integration simplicity. In addition, the dielectric constant and the thickness of the material can be properly selected to achieve the single-point, one-dimensional or two-dimensional sensing function with the high sensing performance.

In order to make the above-mentioned content of this disclosure more comprehensible, the preferred embodiments are described below in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B show schematic views of a conventional d33 vibration-type transceiver.

FIGS. 2A, 2B and 3 show schematic views of three applications of a pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to a preferred embodiment of this disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to the preferred embodiment of this disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view showing one example of the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device of FIG. 4 .

FIGS. 6A to 6G show schematically cross-sectional views of structures in steps of the manufacturing method of the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device of FIG. 5 .

FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view showing another example of the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device of FIG. 4 .

FIGS. 7A to 7G show schematically cross-sectional views of structures in steps of the manufacturing method of the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device of FIG. 7 .

FIG. 8 shows a schematic view of another application of the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to the preferred embodiment of this disclosure.

FIG. 9 shows a schematic view, wherein the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device of this disclosure is integrated with a CMOS back-end manufacturing process.

FIGS. 9A to 9C show schematic views of modified examples of FIG. 9 .

FIGS. 10A to 10D show schematic top views of four examples of layouts of receiver(s) and transmitter(s).

FIG. 11 shows a schematically partial cross-sectional view of the integrated transceiver having two different heights of nano-gaps.

FIG. 12 shows a schematic configuration view of transmitters corresponding to FIG. 10D.

FIGS. 13A and 13B show schematic views of two examples of electronic devices using the transceivers.

FIG. 14 shows another schematic configuration view of transmitters corresponding to FIG. 10D.

FIG. 15 shows a schematic view of the configuration working in conjunction with the piezoelectric transmitter of FIG. 5 .

FIGS. 16 and 17 are schematic views showing configurations of piezoelectric transmitters according to other preferred embodiments of this disclosure.

FIG. 18 is a schematic view showing a capacitive sensing principle applied to FIGS. 16 and 17 .

FIG. 19 is a schematic view showing a modified example of FIG. 16 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device provided in the embodiment of this disclosure is not made of the piezoelectric material, but uses a capacitive moving structure having a vacuum-gap-containing or air-gap-containing membrane structure to achieve the transceiving function of making the applied electric field direction be the same as the moving direction. The term “d33” is usually based on the piezoelectric material. In this disclosure, the conventional piezoelectric material is replaced with a capacitive micro-structure, so the transceiver of this disclosure is named as the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device to simulate behaviors of the bulk piezoelectric material.

FIGS. 2A, 2B and 3 show schematic views of three applications of a pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device or capacitive moving structure 100 according to a preferred embodiment of this disclosure. However, the system application of the device of this disclosure is not restricted thereto. In FIG. 2A, the capacitive moving structure 100 may be integrally mounted in a display 210 on the front side (display side) of a mobile phone 200, which may also be an electronic device such as a notebook or tablet computer, or assembled under the display 210 (e.g., directly or indirectly assembled with the bottom surface of the display 210), the top surface of the display 210 displays operation icons 220 to be clicked by the user, and a front lens 230 is disposed beside the display 210. Of course, the mobile phone system is only an example. Those skilled in the art should know that, with the evolution over time and applications, mobile phones may have various modifications. Due to the manufacturing features, the device of this disclosure can be integrated in the electronic device (e.g., mobile phone) display or disposed under the display, and may also occupy a partial area (the dashed-line area in FIG. 2A), or cover the entire area (in FIG. 2B, the moving structure 100 covers the entire area of the display 210). Of course, if the mobile phone display is entirely covered, then the device can even have various integrated functions combining some functions, such as biometrics characteristic sensing (e.g., fingerprint, finger vein, blood flow rate, heartbeat and the like), 3D touch, gesture detection and the like, to provide the all-in-one integrated functions. Such features are not present in the prior art, and are also important characteristics of the device of this disclosure. In FIG. 3 , the capacitive moving structure 100 may also be mounted under a back cover 240 on the backside or a side button area of the mobile phone 200, onto which a rear lens 250 is also mounted. The capacitive moving structure 100 can provide functions of sensing, for example but without limitation to, fingerprint, vein patterns or blood information and the like, and any physical features that can be sensed using vibration waves can be implemented thereby. Of course, the device of this disclosure also needs not to be integrated with the mobile phone, electronic device or module, can be individually designed into an independent vibration-wave-system device, and can be used to replace the market available piezoelectric d33 vibration element (for organs scanning). For example, using the mobile phone and cloud system (may be combined with artificial intelligence) to link with the independent device of this disclosure can function as the portable vibration-wave detection system used in medical, industry image applications or the like. The fingerprint sensor applied to the mobile phone is provided as one example of this disclosure for explanation, so that those skilled in the art understand features and innovation of this disclosure.

In the embodiment of this disclosure, a voltage drives two electrodes to generate the electric field, wherein one electrode is the membrane structure, the other electrode is mounted on a substrate, and a vacuum or air gap is formed between the two electrodes. When the applied electric field is an alternating-current (AC) signal, the membrane vibrates, and if the frequency of the alternating-current signal and the mechanical resonance frequency of the membrane structure are the same, then the membrane generates mechanical resonance to amplify the mechanical energy and amplitude in the preferred embodiment. Of course, the device of this disclosure may also change the structural rigidity through the electrostatic attraction or even pull-in contact of the membrane structure, and thus change the resonance frequency. In another embodiment, the structure can be operated in a non-resonant mode. In this manner, this device may be a variable frequency transceiver for sensing depth information of different characteristics of the object, and this is advantageous to the construction of the integral 3D image. For example, the finger's biometrics information can be measured by varying the frequency, or even the finger texture, the vein pattern or blood information inside the finger and the like can be measured at the same time.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 capacitive moving structure 100 according to the preferred embodiment of this disclosure. FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view showing one example of the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device of FIG. 4 . Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5 , the capacitive moving structure 100 of this embodiment includes transistors 30 and receivers 40R electrically connected to the transistors 30. Although a side-by-side arrangement is illustrated in the drawings, a not-shown stacking scheme (e.g., the receivers 40R are stacked above the transistors 30) may also be implemented. Each transistor 30 controls a corresponding one of the receivers 40R to receive a second vibration wave W2 generated after an object F reflects a first vibration wave W1, and to generate a sensing signal. Each receiver 40R has a first electrode 41, a second electrode 42 and a nano-gap 43, which is created between the first and second electrodes 41 and 42 after a semiconductor-metal compound is formed. In this embodiment, each receiver 40R may further function as a transmitter 40T to operate as a transceiver unit 40. The transceiver unit 40 and the corresponding transistor 30 constitute an integrated transceiver 20. In the integrated transceiver 20, the transceiver unit 40 neighbors upon the transistor 30, and the transistor 30 controls the transceiver unit 40 to vibrate and transmit the first vibration wave W1 at a first time instant, and then controls the transceiver unit 40 to receive the second vibration wave W2 at a second time instant.

The capacitive moving structure 100 may further include a substrate 10 and a drive sensing circuit module 50. The substrate 10 has an upper surface 10T and a bottom surface 10B. Each integrated transceiver 20 is disposed on the upper surface 10T of the substrate 10. It is worth noting that one single integrated transceiver 20 may also achieve the function of this disclosure, and the drive sensing circuit module 50 may be a built-in or external circuit device.

The substrate 10 may be, for example but without limitation to, a glass substrate, a flexible substrate (e.g., polyimide (PI) substrate), any insulation substrate, a semiconductor substrate formed with an insulating layer or the like.

FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of this disclosure using the thin-film transistor (TFT) manufacturing process. As mentioned hereinabove, the device of this disclosure applied to a mobile phone system is explained, and the main human-machine interface of the mobile phone is the display electrically connected to the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device through a processor 270 of the mobile phone 200 (see FIG. 2A), wherein the processor 270 electrically connected to the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device processes the sensing signal sent from the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device. So, the device of this disclosure is manufactured using the TFT manufacturing process of the mobile phone display and therefore, or may be integrated into one single panel formed by the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) manufacturing process, for example. Alternatively, the OLED manufacturing process is omitted, and only the TFT manufacturing process is kept to complete the device. Of course, this disclosure is not restricted to the OLED display, and the LCD, future micro-LED (uLED) technology and the like may be applicable to this disclosure; or the device can be by way of assembling disposed under the display, back cover or lateral side of the mobile phone. This is one of the most important spirits of this disclosure. The integrated transceivers 20 are arranged in an array along the X-axis direction of FIG. 5 , and disposed on the substrate 10. Each integrated transceiver 20 includes at least one transistor 30 (may be one or multiple transistors formed on the glass substrate or other substrates) and at least a transceiver unit 40. In this embodiment, the transistor 30 is a TFT to be explained as an example, but this disclosure is not restricted thereto. The transceiver unit 40 is disposed on one side (horizontal side) of the transistor 30, and first and second semiconductor layers 34 and 44 pertain to the same polysilicon layer or amorphous silicon layer. In another embodiment, the transceiver unit 40 may be stacked on the vertical side of the transistor 30 (above or below the transistor 30, for example, two polysilicon layers or amorphous silicon layers), so that the space in the horizontal direction needs not to be scarified. The transistor 30 disposed on the substrate 10 has a gate 31, a drain 32, a source 33 and a first semiconductor layer 34 disposed among the gate 31, the drain 32 and the source 33. The gate 31 is formed on the substrate 10. Although the transistor 30 is disposed beside the transceiver unit 40 in the illustrative embodiment, the transistor 30 may also be disposed under the transceiver unit 40 in another embodiment.

The transceiver unit 40 neighbors upon the transistor 30, and is directly or indirectly electrically connected to the transistor 30, which controls transmitting and receiving (active and passive functions) of the transceiver unit 40 to enable the transceiver unit 40 (drive the membrane electrode) to transmit a first vibration wave W1 to an object F, which may be the organism or non-organism and reflects the first vibration wave W1 to generate a second vibration wave W2. The transceiver unit 40 receives the second vibration wave W2 by vibrating the membrane electrode to generate a sensing signal. The distances from the ridge FR and valley FV of the object F, such as the finger, to the capacitive moving structure 100 are different from each other, so different corresponding sensing signals are generated. The meaning associated with “the transceiver unit 40 neighboring upon the transistor 30” may cover that the transceiver unit 40 is disposed on the left, right, top, bottom, top left, bottom left, top right and bottom right sides of the transistor 30. In one example, spaces covered by the transistor 30 and the transceiver unit 40 do not overlap with each other.

In this embodiment, referring to FIGS. 5 and 4 , the capacitive moving structure 100 powers the first and second electrodes 41 and 42 to apply a varying electric field to generate the vertically vibrating first vibration wave W1, and the first vibration wave W1 transferring upward encounters one or multiple interfaces of the finger F approaching the moving structure 100, and is reflected by the interface of the finger F to generate the second vibration wave W2. The moving structure 100 senses the property of the second vibration wave W2 or senses the interference wave W3 caused by the second and first vibration waves W2 and W1 to generate the sensing signal. In one example, the second vibration wave W2 transfers downward to interfere with the sense capacitance change between the second and first electrodes 42 and 41 to generate the sensing signal. In another example, the second vibration wave W2 transfers downward to interfere with the downward-transferring first vibration wave W1 to generate the interference wave W3. The second and first electrodes 42 and 41 measure the interference wave W3 according to the sense capacitance change to generate the sensing signal. Therefore, using the design of an array moving structure 100 can measure the distance information between the moving structure 100 and the ridge FR and valley FV of the finger F, and thus generate the fingerprint image (the skin is the interface). The frequency of the first vibration wave W1 may also be adjusted concurrently or in different time intervals, and the first vibration wave W1 may penetrate through the skin, so that the vein's distribution image (the vein wall is the interface) can be measured according to different vibration waves reflected by the vein. In one example, the interference wave W3 is generated by the constructive interference between the second and first vibration waves W2 and W1 to obtain the larger amplitude. In another example, the interference wave W3 is generated by the destructive interference between the second and first vibration waves W2 and W1 to obtain the smaller amplitude. In still another example, the moving structure 100 can be designed to generate the constructive interference with the second and first vibration waves W2 and W1, created after the ridge FR of the finger F reflects the waves, and to generate the destructive interference with the second and first vibration waves W2 and W1, created after the valley FV of the finger F reflects the waves, so that the discrimination rate of the ridge and valley can be increased. Another transmitting-sensing mode is the time of flight (TOF) mode, wherein the transmitting and sensing timings are switched, and the travelling distance of the vibration wave is determined according to the sensing time difference, so that the 3D image of the object F is constructed. Because the forward wave encounters different interfaces to have different reflecting timings, different interfaces of images (e.g., fingerprint and vein images) can be stacked concurrently. Meanwhile, different frequencies of waves can be transmitted to achieve the objective of sensing different interfaces. In this embodiment, the frequency of the vibration wave may range from 20 KHz to 200 MHz, and the optimum frequency thereof may range from 2 MHz to 40 MHz. In another sensing mode, it is possible to concurrently control several transceiver units, and control phase differences between the first vibration waves of the transceiver units, energies of the first vibration waves are concentrated and sequentially scanned by way of beam forming, to maximize the energy of the first vibration wave W1 (the energy of the reflected second vibration wave W2 is thus increased), so that the sensitivity can be increased.

For simplicity, FIG. 4 only describes the basic operation principle and practical application of the capacitive moving structure of this disclosure in the system embodiment of FIG. 2 /3, for example, and another display structure is provided between the device and object (e.g., finger). That is, W1/W2 needs to transfer between different materials in the display to complete the transceiving function. Those skilled in the art should understand this content, so detailed display structures will not be described in this disclosure.

The transceiver unit 40 has the first electrode 41, the second electrode 42, the nano-gap 43 disposed between the first and second electrodes 41 and 42, and a second semiconductor layer 44 disposed between the substrate 10 and the first electrode 41. In this embodiment, the first and second semiconductor layers 34 and 44 pertain to a same layer of material. When the TFT is used, the first and second semiconductor layers 34 and 44 have the same material, or are even formed using the same manufacturing process. However, this disclosure is not restricted thereto, and in FIG. 9 to be explained hereinbelow, for example, the first and second semiconductor layers 34 and 44 may be formed by different materials (e.g., the first semiconductor layer is made of monocrystalline silicon, polysilicon or amorphous silicon, the second semiconductor layer 44 is made of polysilicon or amorphous silicon, and the layers 34 and 44 may be made of the same or different layers of materials). A height of the nano-gap 43 (in the Y-axis direction of FIG. 5 ) is smaller than or equal to 200 nanometers (nm), 100 nm or even 50 nm. Under the same drive voltage, the electric field intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, and the gap is very small, so even the very low voltage can generate the stronger electric field to drive the electrodes, and this is another spirit of this disclosure. Therefore, the drive sensing circuit module 50 electrically connected to each integrated transceiver 20 can provide a drive voltage ranging from 3.3 to 18 volts to each integrated transceiver 20 without the conventional drive voltage ranging from tens to hundreds of volts. In addition, in order to further enhance the signal transducing effects upon designing of the actual circuit in some occasions, the drive sensing circuit module 50 may also provide a drive voltage including a DC voltage and an AC voltage (DC+AC) to the integrated transceiver 20, wherein the DC voltage ranges from 3.3 to 80 V (volts) or ranges from 5 to 50 V, and the AC voltage ranges from 1.5 to 35 V or ranges from 3.3 to 25 V. Thus, the designs of the system and the sensing drive integrated circuit (IC) become relatively simple. The electrical connection can be achieved by the conventional conductor connection, and detailed descriptions thereof will be omitted.

If such a small nano-gap needs to be implemented conventionally, the sacrificial layer is usually adopted. For example, the sacrificial layer and the protection layer on the sacrificial layer are firstly formed, then openings are formed on the protection layer, and then the sacrificial layer is etched and removed through the openings. However, the gap is very small, so the sacrificial layer cannot be easily removed (due to the capillary phenomenon). Alternatively, after the sacrificial layer is removed, the membrane structure is stuck to the bottom electrode, so the nano-scale sacrificial layer structure is inefficient and cannot be easily manufactured. In addition, these openings finally need to be filled up, and the filling material tends to fall into the openings to form the post structures pushing against the membrane, and the vibration function of the membrane is disabled. Therefore, the prior art cannot be easily achieved. In the current trend, the larger area of the finger biometrics sensor is preferred to satisfy the user's blind press (just press to complete the desired function), or more than two fingerprints can be pressed concurrently to enhance the security. However, if the silicon IC manufacturing process is adopted, then the cost will be high. If the conventional piezoelectric block is used and integrated with or applied to TFT liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD), then the implementation is very difficult due to the reason mentioned hereinabove because the piezoelectric material needs the very-high temperature sintering. So, this disclosure has the very simple structure and material, the material is not contaminating, the manufacturing temperature is also relatively low (<400° C.), and can be integrated with any TFT manufacturing process, silicon integrated circuit manufacturing process (e.g., CMOS manufacturing process) or the like, which is not mentioned in the conventional examples.

In this embodiment, the first electrode 41 includes a semiconductor-metal compound (a metal silicide layer 41A) and a metal layer 41B (optional, because it may become the metal silicide layer 41A after total reaction) to provide an integral capacitive sensing electrode to sense a capacitance change with the second sensing electrode to generate the sensing signal. The metal silicide layer 41A is buried into the second semiconductor layer 44, and the metal layer 41B is disposed on the metal silicide layer 41A. In one example, the metal layer 41B (e.g., nickel layer) and the second semiconductor layer 44 (e.g., amorphous silicon or polysilicon layer) encounter the thermal reaction (<400° C.), and can partially or entirely react to form the metal silicide layer 41A through the volume reduction upon formation of the metal silicide and the material's selectively. In the preferred embodiment of this disclosure, for example, nickel and silicon are paired. The nickel and a protection layer 60 (e.g., silicon oxide or nitride) cannot react at the temperature within 400° C. So, the nickel (metal layer 41B) reacts in the direction toward the second semiconductor layer 44 and the volume of nickel (metal layer 41B) is decreased. Thus, the nano-gap between nickel (metal layer 41B) and the protection layer 60 is formed and is gradually increased. Controlling the material thickness and reaction temperature and time can make nickel (metal layer 41B) react completely or partially. Therefore, the nano-gap 43 of this embodiment is formed after the semiconductor-metal compound is formed. In other words, the nano-gap 43 directly neighbors upon the metal layer 41B thereunder, while the metal layer 41B directly neighbors upon the metal silicide layer 41A (because other semiconductor materials may be adopted, semiconductor-metal compounds may be present in other embodiments). Alternatively, when the metal layer 41B entirely reacts with the second semiconductor layer 44 to form the semiconductor-metal compound, the nano-gap 43 directly neighbors upon the semiconductor-metal compound thereunder. Therefore, the nano-gap 43 neighbors upon the semiconductor-metal compound through the metal layer 41B of the first electrode 41, or directly neighbors upon the semiconductor-metal compound. The gap under the protection layer can be accurately controlled within the predetermined nanometer range. For example, the nickel film manufactured by the semiconductor physical vapor deposition (PVD) may have the thickness equal to 100 nm or 50 nm (may also range from 300 nm to 30 nm, or from 200 nm to 50 nm), the formed gaps have the same or equivalent order of magnitude. Such the method can really achieve the advantages mentioned hereinbefore, and can only utilize the low operation voltage (<18V) to obtain the strong electric field to drive the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device.

Therefore, the capacitive moving structure 100 further includes the protection layer 60 and an insulating layer 70. The material of the protection layer 60 should be properly selected because it affects the transducing performance. In one preferred embodiment, the material of the protection layer 60 (could be one layer or multi-layers) needs to have the dielectric constant (could be averaged dielectric constant if there are multi protection layers) greater than 3, 4 or even greater than 5, wherein the material may be silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, etc. having the high dielectric coefficient. The thickness of the protection layer is smaller than 0.5 microns or preferably smaller than 0.3 microns. The protection layer 60 covers the drain 32, the source 33, and the first and second semiconductor layers 34 and 44. The nano-gap 43 is surrounded and formed by the protection layer 60 and the first electrode 41, and the second electrode 42 is disposed on the protection layer 60. The insulating layer 70 covers the gate 31 and the substrate 10, and supports the first and second semiconductor layers 34 and 44. Heretofore, those skilled in the art can understand that the device of this disclosure only adds a silicide metal manufacturing process (the metal is preferred Ni but without limitation) through the temperature and material compatible with the TFT manufacturing process to manufacture the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device. The great advantages of the integration, cost and performance are obtained. Of course, only portions of the TFT manufacturing process and structure are explained, wherein other back-end indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, the OLED or LCD material or other electronic device material and structure manufacturing and the like do not pertain to the objective of this disclosure, and will be omitted. However, any manufacturing process adjustment or material change, pertaining to either the existing technology or future novel technology, will not change or affect the spirit of this disclosure.

In one example, the first electrodes 41 of the transceiver units 40 are directly or indirectly electrically connected together through the second and first semiconductor layers 44 and 34 to function as an integrated common electrode. In another example, multiple second electrodes 42 may also be electrically connected together to function as a common electrode.

FIGS. 6A to 6G show schematically cross-sectional views of structures in steps of the manufacturing method of the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device of FIG. 5 . In FIG. 6A, a portion of the transistor 30 is firstly formed on the left side of the substrate 10, the partial material, such as the insulating layer 70 (oxide, nitride, a stack thereof or any other material) and the second and first semiconductor layers 44 and 34, needed for the formation of the transistor 30, is reserved on the right side. At this time, the second and first semiconductor layers 44 and 34 pertain to the same layer, such as amorphous silicon or polysilicon layer, which is an important material layer of the transistor 30.

Next, in FIG. 6B, a resist layer 81 covers the second semiconductor layer 44, the drain 32 and the source 33. Next, in FIG. 6C, the resist layer 81 is patterned to form an opening 82. Then, in FIG. 6D, a metal layer 83, made of a material such as nickel, is formed on the top surface of the overall structure of FIG. 6C. The metal layer 83 is filled into the opening 82 and also covers the resist layer 81. Next, in FIG. 6E, the resist layer 81 is removed, and a portion of the metal layer 83 is reserved. In this embodiment, a portion of the metal layer 83 is formed by way of lift-off. However, this disclosure is not restricted thereto, and a portion of the metal layer 83 may also be formed by etching, lithography or the like. Then, in FIG. 6F, the protection layer 60 is formed on the second semiconductor layer 44, the drain 32, the source 33 and the metal layer 83. Next, in FIG. 6G, the overall structure of FIG. 6F is moved to the oven at the temperature of about or above 300° C. but lower than 400° C., so that the metal layer 83 and the second semiconductor layer 44 thermally react to generate the metal silicide layer 41A. Meanwhile, a portion of the metal layer 83 is reserved as the metal layer 41B. The thickness of the metal layer 83 can be controlled to be less than 100 nm, for example, to control the height of the nano-gap 43. The nano-gap 43 is a vacuum or approximate vacuum hermetic chamber formed by one or multiple thermal reactions between the metal material and semiconductor material. Because the chemically thermal reaction forms the metal silicide layer 41A, the volume of the metal layer 83 is decreased to form the nano-gap 43 having the height that can be controlled to be quite small, such as several tens of nanometers. So, the electric field generated when the drive voltage ranging from 3.3 to 18 volts is applied to the first and second electrodes 41 and 42 is equivalent to the electric field generated when the drive voltage ranging from several tens to hundreds of volts is applied to the conventional structure. The second electrode 42 driven by the electric field vertically vibrates to output the vibration wave, and then receives the vibration wave reflected from the object. Then, in FIG. 5 , the second electrode 42, made of the material, such as ITO conductor, aluminum or the like, is formed on the protection layer 60, so that the integration with the electronic device becomes possible. It is worth noting that the second electrode 42 may be firstly formed on the structure of FIG. 6F, and then the thermal chemical reaction is conducted without affecting the effect of this embodiment. That is, deciding the forming sequence of the metal silicide according to the manufacturing process requirement is flexible without affecting the result of this disclosure.

In this example, the manufacturing processes compatible with the amorphous silicon TFT at the temperature lower than 400° C. (the temperature of growing the amorphous silicon may reach 350° C. and the temperature of the subsequent manufacturing process ranges from about 100 to 200 t), and compatible with the low-temperature poly-silicon (LTPS) TFT at the temperature ranging from 400 to 600° C. may be adopted. Using the amorphous silicon or polysilicon present in the TFT as a reserved layer to thermally and chemically react the metal layer to form the nano-gap can achieve the effect of this disclosure. Of course, the manufacturing method and structure of this disclosure may also be integrated with the back-end CMOS manufacturing process, for example.

FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view showing another example of the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device of FIG. 4 . In FIG. 7 , this example is similar to FIG. 5 except for that FIG. 5 pertains to a bottom-gate TFT, while FIG. 7 pertains to a top-gate TFT, which is also implementable, so the drain 32 and source 33 are formed on the substrate 10. In FIG. 7 , the protection layer 60 of the capacitive moving structure 100 covers the gate 31 and the first and second semiconductor layers 34 and 44. The nano-gap 43 is surrounded and formed by the protection layer 60 and the first electrode 41, the second electrode 42 is disposed on the protection layer 60, and the insulating layer 70 is disposed between the gate 31 and the second semiconductor layer 44.

FIGS. 7A to 7G show schematically cross-sectional views of structures in steps of the manufacturing method of the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device of FIG. 7 . The manufacturing method is also similar to FIGS. 6A to 6G. In FIG. 7A, a portion of the transistor 30 is firstly formed on the left side of the substrate 10, the partial material for the formation of the transistor 30 is reserved on the right side, such as insulating layer 70 (oxide or nitride), and the second and first semiconductor layers 44 and 34. At this time, the second and first semiconductor layers 44 and 34 pertain to the same layer, such as the amorphous silicon, polysilicon layer or germanium (Ge) layer, which is an important material layer of the transistor 30.

Next, in FIG. 7B, a resist layer 81 covers the second semiconductor layer 44, the insulating layer 70 and the gate 31. Next, in FIG. 7C, the resist layer 81 is patterned to form an opening 82. Then, in FIG. 7D, a metal layer 83 made of, for example, nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W) or the like is formed on the top surface of the overall structure of FIG. 7C. The metal layer 83 is filled into the opening 82 and also covers the resist layer 81. Next, in FIG. 7E, the resist layer 81 is removed, and a portion of the metal layer 83 is reserved. Then, in FIG. 7F, the protection layer 60 is formed on the second semiconductor layer 44, the first semiconductor layer 34, the insulating layer 70, the gate 31 and the metal layer 83. Next, in FIG. 7G, the overall structure of FIG. 7F is moved to the oven at the temperature of about or above 300° C. but lower than 400° C., so that the metal layer 83 and the second semiconductor layer 44 thermally react to generate the metal silicide layer 41A. Meanwhile, a portion of the metal layer 83 is reserved as the metal layer 41B. Then, In FIG. 7 , the second electrode 42, made of the material, such as ITO conductor, aluminum or the like, is formed on the protection layer 60, so that the integration with the electronic device becomes possible. It is worth noting that the second electrode 42 may be firstly formed on the structure of FIG. 7F, and then the thermal chemical reaction is conducted without affecting the effect of this embodiment. That is, deciding the forming sequence of the metal silicide according to the manufacturing process requirement is flexible without affecting the result of this disclosure.

FIG. 8 shows a schematic view of another application of the capacitive moving structure 100 according to the preferred embodiment of this disclosure. In FIG. 8 , the capacitive moving structure 100 may also be used to sense the image or blood flow information of the vein VI of the finger F by way of time of fly (TOF) sensing to combine with the implementation of fingerprint sensing of FIG. 4 . This disclosure may further combine both methods together to use the same device to sense the fingerprint and finger vein concurrently, or even measure the blood flow rate and the heartbeat.

FIG. 9 shows a schematic view, wherein the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device of this disclosure is integrated with a CMOS back-end manufacturing process. That is, the transistor and circuit in the front-end manufacturing process are firstly manufactured, and then the back-end transceiver unit is manufactured. FIG. 9 only shows one portion of the capacitive moving structure 100 (i.e., only the portion of the transceiver unit), and the portion of the transistor is omitted. The capacitive moving structure 100 of this embodiment includes a body 110, a first electrode 41, a second electrode 42 and a nano-gap 43.

The first electrode 41 is disposed in the body 110. The second electrode 42 disposed in the body 110 corresponds to the first electrode 41. At least one of the first and second electrodes 41 and 42 includes a compound formed by a metal material reacting with a semiconductor material. The nano-gap 43 formed in the body 110 is disposed between the first and second electrodes 41 and 42. Because the nano-gap 43 is formed by the metal material and the semiconductor material through one or multiple thermal reactions to have the nanometer scale, it is named as the nano-gap. The detailed manufacturing method and advantage have been mentioned hereinabove.

The body 110 includes a substrate 111 (equivalent to the substrate 10 of FIG. 5 ), a dielectric layer set 112 (similar to the insulating layer 70 of FIG. 5 , and composed of metal interconnection layers and dielectric layers disposed between the metal interconnection layers), a semiconductor material layer 113 (equivalent to the second semiconductor layer 44 of FIG. 5 ), an inter-electrode dielectric 114 (equivalent to the protection layer 60 of FIG. 5 ) and a protection layer 115. The semiconductor material layer 113 includes the semiconductor material.

The dielectric layer set 112 is disposed on the substrate 111. The semiconductor material layer 113 is disposed on the dielectric layer set 112. The first electrode 41 is disposed on the semiconductor material layer 113. The inter-electrode dielectric 114 and the first electrode 41 commonly define the nano-gap 43. The second electrode 42 is disposed on the inter-electrode dielectric 114. The protection layer 115 covers the inter-electrode dielectric 114 and the second electrode 42.

The first electrode 41 includes a metal silicide layer 41A and a metal layer 41B. The metal layer 41B may include the metal material. The metal silicide layer 41A is disposed on the semiconductor material layer 113. The metal layer 41B neighbors upon the nano-gap 43, and is disposed on the metal silicide layer 41A. The metal layer 41B and the semiconductor material layer 113 form the metal silicide layer 41A after the thermal reaction.

In this embodiment, the first electrode 41 includes a metal conductor, such as nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W) or the like. The material of the second electrode 42 may be the same as the metal conductor, low-resistance semiconductor, or polymeric conductor of the first electrode or the like. The semiconductor material layer 113 is the polysilicon or amorphous silicon layer, and may also be another semiconductor material layer, such as germanium (Ge) layer.

The dielectric layer set 112 is disposed on the substrate 111. It is worth noting that the dielectric layer set 112 may have the multi-layer structure, and may be the conductor layer (e.g., metal layer) formed in the back-end manufacturing process, the dielectric layer between the conductor layers and the via conductor between the conductor layers in the typical IC structure. Because the technology pertains to the prior art, detailed descriptions thereof will be omitted. Of course, the dielectric layer set 112 may further include dielectric layers and traces composed of metal interconnection layers to form one set of integrated circuits 112A having a specific function in conjunction with active and passive circuit elements in the silicon substrate 111. Thus, the embodiment of this disclosure may further include one set of integrated circuits 112A, which is disposed on the bottom or lateral side of the capacitive moving structure and electrically connected to the first and second electrodes 41 and 42 for signal processing.

The semiconductor material layer 113 is disposed on the dielectric layer set 112. The metal silicide layer 41A is formed in the semiconductor material layer 113. The metal layer 41B is disposed on the semiconductor material layer 113, and is connected and corresponds to the metal silicide layer 41A. With the photolithography method, the semiconductor material layer 113, the metal layer 41B and the metal silicide layer 41A only occupy a partial area of the dielectric layer set 112, so the inter-electrode dielectric 114 may also be disposed on a portion of the dielectric layer set 112. Therefore, a nano-gap 43 is thus formed through the sealing of the circumferential, top and bottom surfaces. The formation characteristic of the gap will be described later. Meanwhile, it is worth noting that the metal layer 41B originally occupies the complete volume of the nano-gap 43, and reacts with the bottom semiconductor material layer 113 at the high temperature to form the compound to consume the partial volume and form the nano-gap 43.

The nano-gap 43 is disposed between the inter-electrode dielectric 114 and the metal layer 41B, wherein the inter-electrode dielectric 114 may be interposed or not interposed in the middle. The second electrode 42 disposed on the inter-electrode dielectric 114 corresponds to the nano-gap 43 and the metal layer 41B. The protection layer 115 is disposed on the second electrode 42 and the inter-electrode dielectric 114. The surface of the protection layer 115 may be touched by the object. The protection layer 115 may have a multi-layer insulating layer structure, and an electroconductive material may further be added thereon due to the system's design requirement (e.g., electrostatic discharge protection requirement). Thus, the top-most surface of the protection layer 115 can be touched by the object capable of inputting multiple messages. Of course, if the second electrode 42 is not affected by the environment interference (e.g., no exposure to corrosion), then the protection layer 115 of this embodiment may also be unnecessary. Therefore, the transceiver unit further has: a dielectric layer set 112 disposed between the substrate 111 and the first electrode 41, wherein the substrate 111 and the dielectric layer set 112 commonly form an integrated circuit 112A electrically connected to the first and second electrodes 41 and 42; the inter-electrode dielectric 114 disposed between the nano-gap 43 and the second electrode 42; and the protection layer 115 covering the second electrode 42. It is worth noting that the protection layer 115 is optional, and may also be omitted.

In the embodiment, the glass or flexible substrate having the cost much lower than the semiconductor substrate can be adopted, and can be easily integrated with the manufacturing process of the mobile phone display. The capacitive moving structure 100 can sense the biometrics information such as gesture, fingerprint, finger vein or the like, or non-biometrics information (industrial applications). For the fingerprint sensor, the integrated transceivers 20 are arranged in a two-dimensional array, with a pitch ranging from 50 to 70 microns. The capacitive moving structure 100 may be an independent device, and may also be integrated with the display to become one portion of the display.

FIGS. 9A to 9C show schematic views of modified examples of FIG. 9 . In FIG. 9A, the modified example is similar to FIG. 9 except for the difference that the dielectric layer set 112 has metal plugs 112B, such as copper or tungsten plugs (without limitation), which are disposed between the first electrode 41 and the integrated circuit 112A and electrically connect the first electrode 41 to the integrated circuit 112A by electrically contacting the metal silicide layer 41A. The integrated circuit 112A has the at least one transistor disposed on or in the substrate 111 and electrically connected to the transceiver unit. The substrate 111 is a silicon substrate used by CMOS elements. Of course, this disclosure is not restricted to silicon semiconductor substrates or CMOS elements. It is worth noting that the dielectric layer set 112 and the metal interconnection layer may also achieve the electrical connection function through other metal plugs (not shown). In addition, FIG. 9 may also be provided with the metal plugs. In this case, the metal plugs are disposed between the dielectric layer set 112 and the semiconductor material layer 113, and electrically connect the first electrode 41 to the integrated circuit 112A. Thus, in FIGS. 9 and 9A, the metal plugs 112B may function as a contact layer between the integrated circuit 112A and the metal silicide layer 41A or between the integrated circuit 112A and a semiconductor material layer 113 of the second electrode to decrease the electrical connection resistance. In FIG. 9B, this embodiment is similar to FIG. 9A except for the formation method of the second electrode 42. In FIG. 9B, after the inter-electrode dielectric 114 is formed, a planarization process, such as chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), is performed on the inter-electrode dielectric 114, and then an insulating layer 410 is formed on a prepared silicon wafer (monocrystalline silicon) 400. Then, a polysilicon layer (42) is formed on the insulating layer 410, and the polysilicon layer (42) is bonded to the inter-electrode dielectric 114. In one example, the inter-electrode dielectric 114 is a silicon oxide layer, which is formed after CMP and functions as a fusion bonding interface layer. The inter-electrode dielectric 114 and another monocrystalline silicon wafer form an interface with the hydrogen bond strength through low-temperature fusion bonding (LTFB). Of course, before LTFB, in order to achieve the surface activation, the surface plasma treatment can further be performed (e.g., exposed to plasma environment of oxygen (O₂) and nitrogen (N₂)). In order to make the bonded surface have the good flatness, the to-be-bonded surface can be polished and planarized by CMP. Next, the silicon wafer 400 is thinned down, and the residual silicon wafer 400 is etched to expose the insulating layer 410. Next, the insulating layer 410 may be removed (the step is optional) to expose the polysilicon layer (42), and the polysilicon layer (42) is patterned to form the second electrode 42. Finally, the protection layer 115 (may also be the insulating layer 410) of FIG. 9A is formed. It is worth noting that the polysilicon layer (42) may also be replaced with another monocrystalline silicon wafer, the used manufacturing process is the known silicon on insulator (SOI) manufacturing process, and detailed descriptions thereof will be omitted.

In FIG. 9C, this embodiment is similar to FIG. 9A except for the formation method of the second electrode 42. In FIG. 9C, after the inter-electrode dielectric 114 is formed, the planarization process (e.g., CMP) is performed on the inter-electrode dielectric 114, and then the prepared silicon wafer (monocrystalline silicon) 400 is bonded to the inter-electrode dielectric 114 (similar to fusion bonding). Of course, the polymer bonding, another metal eutectic bonding or the like may be adopted. Next, the silicon wafer 400 is thinned down to form the second electrode 42. Finally, the protection layer 115 of FIG. 9A is formed.

FIGS. 10A to 10D show schematic top views of four examples of layouts of receiver(s) and transmitter(s). In FIG. 10A, the transceiver units 40 disposed on the top surface of the substrate 10 function as the transmitters 40T and receivers 40R at different time instants, the transceiver units 40 are arranged in a two-dimensional array, the transistor (not shown) is arranged beside or under the transceiver unit 40. The arrangement is applicable to FIGS. 5 and 7 . In FIG. 10B, one transmitter 40T and eight receivers 40R are disposed on the top surface of the substrate 10. After the transmitter 40T transmits the vibration wave, the receivers 40R receive the vibration wave. The arrangement is applicable to FIGS. 5 and 7 . In FIG. 10C, the transmitters 40T and receivers 40R are alternately disposed on the top surface of the substrate 10. After the transmitters 40T transmit the vibration wave, the receivers 40R receive the vibration wave. The arrangement is applicable to FIGS. 5 and 7 . In FIG. 10D, the receivers 40R are arranged in the two-dimensional array on the top surface of the substrate 10, and the transmitter 40T occupies the large area and can be disposed on the bottom surface of the substrate 10 or the portion of the display module above the substrate 10. After the transmitter 40T transmits the vibration wave, the receivers 40R receive the vibration wave. It is worth noting that FIGS. 10A to 10D are only designed for explanation of different embodiments without restricting the scope to such the geometric configuration. Any planning of the transmitter(s) 40T and receiver(s) 40R having any geometric dimensions and numbers cannot escape from the spirit of this disclosure.

FIG. 11 shows a schematically partial cross-sectional view of the integrated transceiver having two different heights of nano-gaps. In FIG. 11 , this embodiment is applicable to the examples of FIGS. 10B and 10C, and similar to the embodiment of FIG. 7 . In FIGS. 4 and 11 , the capacitive moving structure 100 further includes a transmitter 40T electrically connected to the transistors 30. The transistors 30 control the transmitter 40T to transmit the first vibration wave W1 at a first time instant, and then control the receivers 40R to receive the second vibration wave W2 at a second time instant. In addition, the transmitter 40T has the first electrode 41, the second electrode 42 and a second nano-gap 43′, which is created between the first and second electrodes 41 and 42 and is formed after the semiconductor-metal compound (or another semiconductor-metal compound) is formed. The transmitter 40T and the receiver 40R are disposed on the substrate 10. Each transistor 30 is disposed on or in the substrate 10. The height of the second nano-gap 43′ is greater than the height of each nano-gap 43. Regarding the sensitivity of the receiver 40R, the nano-gap 43 is preferably small. For example, when the nano-gap 43 is very small, the amplitude of the second electrode 42 can easily reach one tenth of the nano-gap 43, so that a voltage of 3.3 V reflects the signal of 330 mV. The reflected signal is very high in the IC design. Regarding the signal intensity of the transmitter 40T, the second nano-gap 43′ is preferably larger (the gap height is optimized according to the use specification). Therefore, the performance of the capacitive moving structure is enhanced by designing the second nano-gap 43′ to be greater than the nano-gap 43. The second nano-gap 43′ can be increased by only increasing the thickness of the corresponding metal layer 41B (e.g., the metal layer 83 of FIG. 6F) or the thickness of the polysilicon or amorphous silicon layer of the second semiconductor layer 44.

FIG. 12 shows a schematic configuration view of transmitters corresponding to FIG. 10D. FIG. 12 is similar to FIG. 4 , wherein the receivers 40R are disposed on an upper surface 10T of the substrate 10, and each transistor 30 is disposed on or in the substrate 10, except for the difference that the transmitter 40T is different from the receiver 40R. The transmitter 40T is a piezoelectric transmitter, disposed on a bottom surface 10B of the substrate 10 or above the receiver 40R (disposed on a bottom surface of a display 260 (may also be disposed on a top surface of the display 260, in the display 260 or at another proper position)), so that the signal sensing function can be achieved.

FIGS. 13A and 13B show schematic views of two examples of displays using the transceivers. In FIGS. 13A, 13B and 4 , a display 260, such as the display 210 in FIG. 2A or 2B, includes a substrate 10, integrated transceivers 20 and display units 90. The substrate 10 is a rigid substrate (rigid glass plate OLED, LCD or the like), a flexible substrate (flexible board OLED) or a transparent substrate. The display 260 includes, for example but without limitation to, the OLED, TFT-LCD, micro LED display or the like. The integrated transceivers 20 are disposed on the substrate 10. Each integrated transceiver 20 includes a transceiver unit 40 and at least one transistor 30 (defined as a transceiving control transistor in the claims) electrically connected together.

The transistor 30 controls transmitting and receiving of the transceiver unit 40 to enable the transceiver unit 40 to transmit a first vibration wave W1 to an object F, which reflects the first vibration wave W1 to generate a second vibration wave W2. The transceiver unit 40 receives the second vibration wave W2 to generate a sensing signal. Each display unit 90 disposed on the substrate 10 includes at least one display control transistor 91 and a display pixel 92 electrically connected together. The display control transistor 91 controls enabling of the display pixel 92 to display an optical signal and disabling of the display pixel 92 not to display the optical signal so that data is displayed.

In terms of the layered layout, the display further includes a display pixel configuration layer 94, and a transistor configuration layer 93 disposed on the substrate 10. The transistor 30 and the transceiver unit 40 are disposed in the transistor configuration layer 93. The display pixel configuration layer 94 is disposed on the transistor configuration layer 93. The display pixel 92 is disposed in the display pixel configuration layer 94. Therefore, the transistor configuration layer 93 is formed with transistors for controlling the display pixel 92 and the transceiver unit 40. In addition, the display pixel configuration layer 94 is a light-emitting layer (e.g., in the OLED display) or an optical switch layer (e.g., in the LCD display). In another example, two electrode layers (anode and cathode layers, not shown) may be respectively disposed above and below the display pixel configuration layer 94, and at least one transparent layer (not shown) may be disposed above the display pixel configuration layer 94 to provide the display function. Of course, a touch layer may also be disposed to provide the touch function. Those skilled in the display art should understand that the embodiment of this disclosure aims at the creativity of the transceiver unit and the superiority obtained when being integrated with the manufacturing process of the display without aiming at teaching how to manufacture the display. So, the display is only described in brief. Instead, the target aims at how the device of this disclosure having the predetermined geometric configuration can be integrated with the display to complete the integrated display having the display function and the device of this disclosure.

FIG. 13A is similar to FIG. 13B except for the difference that the transceiver unit 40 in FIG. 13A is disposed outside the coverage range (rectangular range) of each display unit 90 (i.e., the areas of the transceiver unit and the display unit do not overlap), while in FIG. 13B, each transceiver unit 40 is disposed within the coverage range (rectangular range) of each display unit 90 (i.e., the areas of the transceiver unit and the display unit partially or entirely overlap). Thus, the transceiver can be integrated in the display to achieve the displaying and sensing functions concurrently.

In FIG. 14 , the transmitter 40T is a piezoelectric transmitter, the transmitter may have one single layer of piezoelectric structure, and the transmitter may also have one or multiple independent transmitter units disposed on or above one or multiple receivers 40R. That is, the transmitter 40T is disposed on or above the one or multiple receivers 40R. When being implemented by one single transmitter unit, the transmitter 40T may also be disposed on or above the transistors 30. The piezoelectric transmitter includes the piezoelectric bulk material or piezoelectric membrane made of the material(s) including, for example but without limitation to, PVDF, PZT, zinc oxide, aluminum nitride and/or the like. In the application of FIG. 5 , a protection layer or any other suitable structure may be formed on the second electrode 42 and the protection layer 60, and then a bottom electrode, a piezoelectric material and a top electrode are sequentially formed so that the piezoelectric transmitter can be used to transmit the vibration wave or signal. Alternatively, the second electrode 42 may also function as the bottom electrode of the piezoelectric transmitter, and then the piezoelectric material 42A and the top electrode 42B are sequentially formed thereon. That is, the transmitter and the one or multiple receivers may share the same second electrode 42 to perform transmitting and receiving, as shown in FIG. 15 .

The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device of the embodiment has the following advantages: (a) the device has no material limitation, may use non-piezoelectric materials, and has the wide range of materials applicable to the substrate; (b) the integration with the standard manufacturing process becomes easy; (c) the large-area transceiver can be formed by the low-temperature manufacturing process; (d) the relatively low drive voltage can be used since the nano-gap is adopted; (e) the device can be formed without using the sacrificial layer, so all circumferential walls of the nano-gap have no through hole and no filling material; (f) the materials used in the manufacturing process cannot contaminate the semiconductor device; and (g) the transmitter and receiver may have different nano-gaps so that the signal amplitude transmitted from the transmitter and the sensitivity of the receiver are increased.

FIGS. 16 and 17 are schematic views showing configurations of capacitive moving structures according to other preferred embodiments of this disclosure. Referring to FIG. 16 , the capacitive moving structure 100 of this embodiment includes the first electrode 41, the second electrode 42 and the nano-gap 43. The capacitance changes between the second and first electrodes 42 and 41, being a pair of integral (substantially in parallel) sensing electrodes. One of the integral sensing electrodes includes the metal silicide later forming the to-be-sensed capacitance with the other integral sensing electrode. In this embodiment, each of the integral sensing electrodes are not partitioned into several parts to enhance the capacitive sensing. The first electrode 41 is disposed on the substrate 111. The substrate 111 may be a glass substrate, a polymer substrate, a semiconductor substrate, on which an electrical/electronic circuit can be formed, and may also be a silicon substrate used in CMOS manufacturing processes, a dielectric substrate used in TFT manufacturing processes, and the like. The electronic circuit can execute the signal receiving, transmitting or processing function. The second electrode 42 is disposed above the first electrode 41 along the height direction Y. The first electrode 41 and the second electrode 42 form a transmitter or receiver 45. The nano-gap 43 disposed between the first electrode 41 and the second electrode 42 has an initial height t₀ in the height direction Y. The pressure in the nano-gap 43 may be higher than, equal to or lower than one atmosphere. The receiver 45 may function as a pure passive force or pressure type sensor or an active vibration transmitter and receiver (transceiver). In other examples, the receiver or transceiver may be applied to bio-information (e.g. fingerprint, blood flow, etc) sensing, touch sensing, pressure sensing and the like. Although only one single capacitive moving cell is depicted, the architecture of this embodiment may also be applied to a one-dimensional or two-dimensional capacitance sensing cell to constitute the capacitive moving structure 100 satisfying various requirements.

The capacitive moving structure 100 may further include the inter-electrode dielectric 114 with a thickness d disposed between the first electrode 41 and the second electrode 42. The inter-electrode dielectric 114 may be silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, titanium oxide, etc. In this embodiment, an upper surface 41T of the first electrode 41 and a lower surface 114B of the inter-electrode dielectric 114 defines and partially surrounds the nano-gap 43, and the distance from the upper surface 41T to the lower surface 114B is t₀. In addition, the distance from an upper surface 114T of the inter-electrode dielectric 114 (a lower surface 42B of the second electrode 42) to the lower surface 114B is d. The material of the inter-electrode dielectric 114 affects the transmitting and sensing performance, and needs to have the dielectric constant greater than 3 in a preferred embodiment, or even greater than 5 in another preferred embodiment. For example, the material, such as silicon nitride, aluminum oxide and the like, having the high dielectric constant can be used. Thus, the materials of the inter-electrode dielectric 114 may be selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride and aluminum oxide.

The capacitive moving structure 100 may further include a protection layer 115, which is disposed on the second electrode 42 and may be made of a single-layer or multi-layer material, such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride or other dielectric materials, and any combination of the above-mentioned materials. The capacitive moving structure 100 may further include: a package layer 116 (e.g., a sealing layer, an encapsulation layer or a molding compound used in a standard package process) disposed on the protection layer 115; a coupling layer 117 disposed on the package layer 116, wherein the coupling layer 117 may be used to adhere the above mentioned element to a bottom surface of a panel in a specific application where a fingerprint sensor or a touch device is disposed under the display; and a cover plate 118 (e.g., the display panel, one single-layer such as a glass substrate, or a multi-layer combination having different functions of substrates) disposed on the coupling layer 117. The cover plate 118 may be simple a cover material layer, which may be formed by one or multiple ones of a glass layer, a plastic layer, a ceramics layer, a sapphire layer, a metal layer or a metal alloy layer. In some implementations, for example, the cover plate is a protection glass cover plate of a display or a lens glass plate. In other implementations, the cover plate may include one or multiple polymers, such as one or multiple types of poly-p-xylylene. In still other implementations, the cover plate is a display, which may be a digital micro-shutter (DMS)-based display, a LED display, an OLED display, a LCD, an LCD display that uses LEDs as backlights, a plasma display, an interferometric modulator (IMOD)-based display, or another type of display suitable for use in conjunction with touch-sensitive user interface (UI) systems.

The example of FIG. 17 is similar to FIG. 16 except for the difference that no package layer is needed. For example, the cover plate 118 is adhered to the protection layer 115 directly through the coupling layer 117. Thus, the coupling layer 117 is disposed on the protection layer 115, and the cover plate 118 is disposed on the coupling layer 117. It may be understood that the capacitive moving structure of this embodiment may be properly used in conjunction with various structures of the above-mentioned embodiments.

How the transducing performance of the capacitive moving structure can be optimized will be explained with reference to FIG. 18 . FIG. 18 is a schematic view showing a capacitive sensing principle applied to FIGS. 16 and 17 . Referring to FIGS. 16 to 18 , the inter-electrode dielectric 114 (may have a single layer structure or a multi-layer structure) has a thickness d and a dielectric constant ε_(r) (could be an averaged constant if there are multi-layers so that an averaged dielectric constant is used to represent the dielectric constant of either the single layer structure or the multi-layer structure); the nano-gap 43 has a thickness of t₀ and a dielectric constant equal to about 1. On the other hand, the vacuum permittivity is ε₀. When the structure has no deformation, (i.e., no force is exerted onto the structure), the capacitance between the first electrode 41 and the second electrode 42 is C₀ (the height of the nano-gap is t₀ at this time, where t₀ is defined as an averaged height). When the structure is pressed by, for example, the pressure of the rebound vibration waves and deformed, the height of the nano-gap between the deformed second electrode 42 and the first electrode 41 is changed to t₁ (as the structural deformation is not uniform, t₁ is defined as an averaged height with uniform deformation), where t₁<t₀, so that the capacitance between the two electrodes is changed to C₁, wherein the overlapping area between the two electrodes is A. Because the transversal scale of the area (A) is far greater than (>>) 1 μm upon applications, and t₀ and d in the drawing are smaller than 1 μm, the following calculations may be made according to the parallel-plates capacitor formula. According to the formula for the serially connected capacitors, 1/C=1/C_(d)+1/C_(a), where C is the capacitance between the two electrodes, C_(d)=ε_(r)ε₀A/d, and C_(a)=ε₀A/t₀, the followings can be obtained: the initial capacitance (without deformation) C₀=ε_(r)ε₀A/(d+ε_(r)t₀); and the reaction capacitance (with deformation) C₁=ε_(r)ε₀A/(d+ε_(r)t₁). Therefore, the capacitance change caused by the structure deformation can be obtained as:

$\begin{matrix} {{\Delta C} = {{C_{1} - C_{0}} = {{\varepsilon_{r}\varepsilon_{0}{A/\left( {d + {\varepsilon_{r}t_{1}}} \right)}} - {\varepsilon_{r}\varepsilon_{0}{A/\left( {d + {\varepsilon_{r}t_{0}}} \right)}}}}} \\ {= {{\left( {{\varepsilon_{r}^{2}\varepsilon_{0}At_{0}} - {\varepsilon_{r}^{2}\varepsilon_{0}At_{1}}} \right)/\left( {d + {\varepsilon_{r}t_{1}}} \right)}\left( {d + {\varepsilon_{r}t_{0}}} \right)}} \\ {= {\varepsilon_{r}^{2}\varepsilon_{0}{{A\left( {t_{0} - t_{1}} \right)}/\left( {d + {\varepsilon_{r}t_{1}}} \right)}{\left( {d + {\varepsilon_{r}t_{0}}} \right).}}} \end{matrix}$

In such a capacitance sensing device, the sensitivity is usually defined as the ratio of the capacitance change to the initial capacitance: ΔC/C ₀=ε_(r)(t ₀ −t ₁)/(d+ε _(r) t ₁)  (1)

When a suspended structure of the element (including the second electrode 42, the inter-electrode dielectric 114 and the protection layer 115, and having the substantial micron-level thickness) is attached to the cover plate 118 with a thick molding compound used for the packaging process, the structure rigidity is fully determined by the thickness of the stacked materials, wherein the thickness usually ranges from several hundreds of microns (μm) to several millimeters (mm). Thus, when the overall rigid structure is deformed by the external force (including the rebound vibration waves), the gap change (deformation amount) A t is quite small and falls at the level around or even smaller 0.1 nm (the maximum deformation amount present when the second electrode 42 is performing sensing is smaller than or equal to 0.1 nm). It means that the gap change (t₀−t₁) has a higher boundary of around 0.1 nm, which also means that t₀ is almost equal to t₁. To this end, if the good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is to be obtained, then the design needs the further considerations.

In the sensing circuit design, a better SNR can be obtained under the usual requirement: ΔC/C ₀≥0.1%  (2). Thus, how to optimize the structure mechanical design is one of the key points of this disclosure.

According to formula (1), when d=0 (i.e., no inter-electrode dielectric 114 is present), formula (2) can be obtained as 0.1 nm/t₁≥0.1%; and when (t₀−t₁) is assumed as the high boundary of 0.1 nm, we can get t₁≤100 nm. Because t₀ is almost equal to t₁, we can also conclude that, under this extreme condition (d=0), t₀≤100 nm is the higher boundary for the structural design that can lead to a reasonable SNR (ΔC/C₀≥0.1%). However, in order to prevent the first electrode 41 and the second electrode 42 from being short-circuited, and to prevent the arcing, breakdown and the like, the inter-electrode dielectric 114 is still needed. So, ΔC/C₀≈ε_(r)(t₀−t₁)/(d+ε_(r)t₁)≥0.1%. When the high boundary of (t₀−t₁) is 0.1 nm under this application scenario with multi-stacked rigid bodies, then d/ε _(r) +t ₀≤100 nm  (3)

Formula (3) is a structural design formula for a good performance device. In one preferred embodiment, if t₀ is equal to 50 nm, then the dielectric material thickness and dielectric constant preferably satisfy this condition d/ε_(r)≤50 nm so that the terms (d/ε_(r)) and t₀ provide the same contribution to facilitate the simplification of the design. Of course, this preferred embodiment is just to disclose how to design the capacitive moving structure, but not to limit it to this design example.

Thus, in this embodiment, the optimum structural design and the dielectric material need to satisfy the following two conditions: t₀≤100 nm; and d/ε_(r)+t₀≤100 nm.

In some reasonable examples, the following parameters listed in Table 1 can be derived.

TABLE 1 Cases t₀ ε_(r) d d/ε_(r) 1 50 nm 4 (Silicon oxide) ≤200 nm ≤50 nm 2 50 nm  7 (Silicon nitride) ≤350 nm ≤50 nm 3 75 nm 4 ≤100 nm ≤25 nm 4 75 nm 7 ≤175 nm ≤25 nm

Referring again to FIGS. 3 and 4 , the capacitive moving structure 100 can be applied to an electronic device (e.g., the mobile phone 200, notebook computer, tablet computer and the like), and the drive sensing circuit module 50 may be a module of the electronic device electrically connected to the capacitive moving structure 100.

FIG. 19 is a schematic view showing a modified example of FIG. 16 . Referring to FIG. 19 , the configurations of FIGS. 5, 9, 9 a, 9 b, 9 c, 16 and 17 have been integrated in this example, wherein the capacitive moving structure 100 further includes a substrate 111 and a circuit layer 112T (including at least one passive circuit element (optional), at least one active circuit element (i.e., the transistor) and at least one interconnect) disposed on the substrate (or partially in the semiconductor substrate) 111. The first electrode 41 is disposed on the circuit layer 112T and electrically connected to the circuit layer 112T. The circuit layer 112T controls the corresponding receiver to generate a sensing signal. The circuit layer 112T may be formed by TFT or semiconductor integrated circuit (especially CMOS) manufacturing processes. In this embodiment, the nano-gap 43 is formed after the thermal reaction between a semiconductor material (especially silicon) and the metal material (especially nickel) is performed to form the semiconductor-metal compound. The circuit layer 112T includes metal plugs 112V, at least one metal wiring layer 112M and an integrated circuit 112A. The metal plugs 112V electrically connect the first electrode 41 to the integrated circuit 112A through at least one metal wiring layer 112M. The first electrode 41 further includes a bottom metal 41C disposed on the circuit layer 112T and underneath the semiconductor-metal compound. The integrated circuit 112A includes at least one transistor.

In the actual production of the example, it is possible to form the metal wiring layer 112M, and then an uppermost dielectric layer (could be one single layer or multi-layers of dielectrics) is formed to cover the metal wiring layer 112M. Next, the dielectric layer is etched to define holes for the metal plugs 112V. Then, the holes are filled with a metal material (e.g., titanium, titanium nitride, tungsten and/or molybdenum). Meanwhile, the metal material covers the dielectric layer to form the bottom metal 41C (e.g., titanium, tungsten and/or molybdenum), wherein the bottom metal 41C may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure functioning as the contact metal structure. The deposition temperature of the bottom metal 41C should be lower than 400° C. to avoid damaging the function of the underneath circuit layer 112T. Next, the semiconductor material (the deposition temperature thereof should be lower than 400° C. also to avoid damaging the function of the underneath circuit layer 112T) and then the metal material (e.g., nickel) may be disposed on the semiconductor material with the deposition temperature lower than 300° C. (to avoid forming of the semiconductor-metal compound during the deposition), so that a sandwich structure is formed. Then, the inter-electrode dielectric 114 (the deposition temperature thereof should be lower than 300° C. to avoid forming of the semiconductor-metal compound during the deposition), and the second electrode 42 and the protection layer 115 are formed in order. Next, the thermal reaction is performed to form the nano-gap 43 and the first electrode 41. For example, a high temperature (chemical reaction temperature) is needed for the reaction of titanium and silicon to form the titanium silicide, while the chemical reaction temperature for nickel and silicon is relatively low. So, when the nickel and silicon are forming the nickel silicide, the titanium will not interfere with the formation of the nickel silicide. Therefore, the metal plugs 112V electrically contact the bottom metal 41C, and the bottom metal 41C electrically contacts the first electrode 41. Thus, the connection resistance between the first electrode 41 and the circuit layer 112T can be further reduced.

Although the metal plugs 112V and the bottom metal 41C are made of the same material, the metal plugs 112V and the bottom metal 41C may be made of different materials in another example, and the bottom metal 41C may be constituted by multiple layers of materials.

With the above-mentioned embodiments, the capacitive moving structure can be easily integrated with the semiconductor manufacturing process, can be easily manufactured with the low cost and without the contamination, and has the good transmitting and sensing performance. In addition, the dielectric constant and the thickness of the material can be properly selected to achieve the single-point, one-dimensional or two-dimensional sensing function with the high sensing performance.

While this disclosure has been described by way of examples and in terms of preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited thereto. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications. For example, the positions of the first and second sensing electrodes are exchangeable as long as one of the sensing electrodes includes the semiconductor-metal compound, which is formed by thermal reaction to form the nano-gap. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device, comprising: a pair of integral and substantially parallel electrodes having a first sensing electrode and a second sensing electrode, wherein the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode constitute a receiver; and a nano-gap disposed between the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode, wherein an initial height t₀ of the nano-gap is smaller than or equal to 100 nanometers, wherein the nano-gap is formed after a thermal reaction between a semiconductor material and a metal material to form a semiconductor-metal compound, and the first sensing electrode of the receiver comprises the semiconductor-metal compound to provide an integral capacitive sensing electrode to sense a capacitance change with the second sensing electrode and generate a sensing signal.
 2. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor material is an amorphous silicon or a poly-crystalline silicon and the metal material is a deposited-lower-than-300° C. nickel.
 3. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 1, further comprising an inter-electrode dielectric with a thickness d disposed between the first sensing electrode and the second sensing electrode.
 4. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 3, wherein the inter-electrode dielectric has a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure, and has an averaged dielectric constant of ε_(r), wherein satisfying t₀+d/ε_(r)≤100 nm.
 5. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 4, wherein ε_(r)≥3.
 6. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 4, wherein ε_(r)≥5.
 7. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 4, wherein 25 nm≤t₀≤75 nm.
 8. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 4, wherein the inter-electrode dielectric is a deposited-lower-than-300° C. material.
 9. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 8, wherein a material of the inter-electrode dielectric is selected from a group consisting of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide and titanium oxide.
 10. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 1, wherein the first sensing electrode further comprises a bottom metal disposed underneath the semiconductor-metal compound.
 11. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 10, wherein the bottom metal has a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure.
 12. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 10, wherein a material of the bottom metal is selected from a group consisting of titanium, titanium nitride, tungsten and molybdenum.
 13. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 1, further comprising: a substrate; and a circuit layer comprising at least one active circuit element and at least one interconnect and being disposed on or partially in the substrate, wherein the first sensing electrode is disposed on the circuit layer and electrically connected to the circuit layer, and the circuit layer controls the receiver to generate the sensing signal.
 14. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 13, wherein the first sensing electrode further comprises a deposited-lower-400° C. bottom metal disposed underneath the semiconductor-metal compound and electrically connected to the circuit layer.
 15. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 13, wherein the circuit layer comprises metal plugs, at least one metal wiring layer and an integrated circuit, and the metal plugs electrically connect the first sensing electrode to the integrated circuit through the at least one metal wiring layer.
 16. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 15, wherein the first sensing electrode further comprises a bottom metal disposed underneath the semiconductor-metal compound, wherein the metal plugs and the bottom metal are made of the same material.
 17. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 15, wherein the first sensing electrode further comprises a bottom metal disposed underneath the semiconductor-metal compound, wherein the metal plugs and the bottom metal are made of different materials.
 18. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 13, wherein the receiver further functions as a transmitter to operate as a transceiver unit, and the transceiver unit and the circuit layer constitute an integrated transceiver, wherein the circuit layer controls the transceiver unit to transmit a first vibration wave at a first time instant, and then controls the transceiver unit to receive a second vibration wave at a second time instant.
 19. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 18, further comprising a drive sensing circuit module being electrically connected to the integrated transceiver and providing a drive voltage including a DC voltage and an AC voltage to the integrated transceiver to further enhance signal transmitting and sensing effects.
 20. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 19, wherein the DC voltage ranges from 3.3 to 80 volts, and the AC voltage ranges from 1.5 to 35 volts.
 21. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 1, wherein the receiver further functions as a transmitter to operate as a transceiver unit, wherein the second sensing electrode vibrates and transmits a first vibration wave at a first time instant, and then receives a second vibration wave at a second time instant.
 22. The pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 1, further comprising: a protection layer disposed on the second sensing electrode; and a coupling layer disposed on the protection layer.
 23. An electronic device, comprising: at least one processor; and the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 1, wherein the processor is electrically connected to the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device and processes the sensing signal sent from the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device.
 24. An electronic device, comprising: at least one processor; and the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device according to claim 13, wherein the processor is electrically connected to the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device and processes the sensing signal sent from the pseudo-piezoelectric d33 device. 